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An upper abdominal scan is a detailed assessment of the liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, pancreas and kidneys. Assessment of the aorta is also included.

Patients may be asked to fast beforehand, drinking only water while taking regular medications. The examination involves lying on a couch with exposed abdomen while gel and a transducer are applied. Patients might turn onto their side and hold their breath during the procedure, which typically takes 15-30 minutes.

Ultrasound is used during pregnancy to find out whether the growing foetus inside you is developing normally. It evaluates fetal age, placenta location, fetal position, movement, breathing, heart rate, amniotic fluid volume, number of fetuses, and fetal sex.

Screening may detect birth defects like Down Syndrome, typically performed at 16-20 weeks. Additional exams occur in the first or third trimesters if complications arise.

Sound waves are used to measure blood flow in the foetus's umbilical cord or other blood vessels. This trans-abdominal test also listens to the heartbeat and is ordered when the fetus shows abnormal growth or suspected fetal anemia.

In a 3D ultrasound exam, multiple 2D images are taken at various angles. The images are then assembled into a 3D image. A 4D image is similar to a 3D image, but it shows movement.

These are used when specific problems are suspected regarding the placenta or fetus.

This examination looks in detail at the pelvic organs including the uterus, endometrium (womb lining) and ovaries. An external examination is performed initially; patients wear loose clothing and drink water beforehand to fill the bladder.

Trans-vaginal (internal) scanning provides better images of the uterus and ovaries with patient consent and latex allergy disclosure.

Involves evaluation of structure, function and pathology of the kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder. Kidney sizes are measured; obstructions show dilated renal structures; stones appear as bright echogenic areas.

Ultrasound assesses residual bladder capacity post-voiding.

Ultrasound can be a useful means of assessing the prostate gland. It can be done using the transabdominal approach and/or through the rectum.

A full bladder is required. Volume assessment aids surgical and radiotherapy planning.

Ultrasound can be used to assess the scrotum in distinguishing between torsion of the testis and epidydimo-orchitis (inflammation of the testis and the epididymis).

It also evaluates suspected malignancy, infertility, and undescended testis in the inguinal canal.

The thyroid gland is fairly superficial and amenable to ultrasound examination. This can help to assess the size of the gland and the presence of lumps.

It is helpful for thyroid cancer diagnosis and guides fine-needle biopsy. It can also demonstrate enlarged parathyroid glands.

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a simple, non-invasive test that records the electrical activity of the heart. It is used to detect heart rhythm abnormalities, heart attacks, and other cardiac conditions.

Electrodes are placed on the chest, arms and legs to record the heart's electrical signals. The test is quick, painless and provides immediate results for your doctor to review.

Ultrasound may be used to assess lumps in the breast. With clinical examination, mammography and biopsy, it forms part of the initial assessment of women with breast lumps in specialist breast clinics.

Tears, inflammations, ruptures, thickening, swelling as well as calcifications of skin, tendons, and muscles of the body e.g. shoulder, knee, elbow etc. can be evaluated using ultrasound scan.

Echocardiography allows visualisation of cardiac structures, cardiac walls and the velocity of blood flow at certain points in the heart.

It visualizes valves, four chambers, wall thickness, muscle contractions, pericardium, intracardiac masses, and the ascending aorta for functional assessment.

Ultrasound is used to help distinguish the nature of lumps and lesions almost anywhere in the body. It distinguishes lipomas from sebaceous or simple cysts and identifies lymph nodes and inflammatory versus malignant causes.

It also guides biopsies, assesses salivary glands, vascular conditions like deep vein thrombosis and varicose veins, and visualizes eye structures in ophthalmology.